#BRAKE SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION MANUAL#

Vitruvius, the preeminent Roman architectural writer of the first century bc, advised builders in the Italian peninsula, “Buildings should be thoroughly shut in rather than exposed toward the north, and the main portion should face the warmer south side.” Varro, a contemporary of Vitruvius, verified that most houses of at least the Roman upper class followed Vitruvius's advice, stating, “What men of our day aim at is to have their winter rooms face the falling sun. In architecture, the Romans remedied the problem in the same fashion as did the Greeks. John Perlin, in Encyclopedia of Energy, 2004 1.2 Ancient Romeįuel consumption in ancient Rome was even more profligate than in classical Greece. Tillage-induced CO 2 emissions are much larger for mechanized systems, much higher immediately after plowing, and lasting for a few days or weeks after the tillage.

#BRAKE SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION MANUAL#

In traditional tillage, involving manual hoeing, even a single land hoeing can cause emission of 0.55 kg(C)/ha 1 (2 kg CO 2/ha 1) because of rapid oxidation of soil organic matter (SOM). A comparative study estimated CO 2–C emissions of 2.0 μmol/m 2/s 1 for NT, 2.9 μmol/m 2/s 1 for reduced tillage and 4.3 μmol/m 2/s 1 for conventional plowing. Therefore, tillage intensity (conventional tillage, minimum tillage, no-till or NT, conservation tillage or CT) has a strong impact on CO 2–C emissions partly because of differences in soil erosion hazard and partly due to different amounts on inputs (herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers, irrigation, and seeding rates). The average fuel consumption also increases with increase in plowing speed for a specific tractor and has been measured at (20.0, 24.3, and 27.2) L(diesel)/ha for speed of (5.5, 6.5, and 7.5) km/h, respectively. Fuel consumption also varies with depth and speed of plowing and has been reported at 16.8 L/ha of diesel for 20 cm, 22.0 L(diesel)/ha for 25 cm, and 32.7 L(diesel)/ha for 30 cm depth, an increase by 31% in fuel use with increase in depth from 20 to 30 cm. In comparison, fuel consumption is 7.2 L/ha for row crop planter and 0.02 L/ha for sprayer. Fuel consumption varies widely among tillage implements and ranges from 4.1 L(diesel)/ha for wide level disk, 8.7 L(diesel)/ha for offset disk harrow, and 9.3 L(diesel)/ha for chisel plow. Grain drying in Ontario, Canada, can consume 33% of the total energy used in corn production. Estimates of C emissions for conventional tillage are 230 kg(C)/ha for winter wheat, 165 kg(C)/ha for sugar beet, 116 kg(C)/ha for adzuki bean, and 201 kg(C)/ha for potato. These operations involve tillage, manufacture and application of fertilizers and pesticides, harvesting, grain drying, heating and cooling, transport, and so on. The following formula can be used to determine BSFC: pounds of fuel per hour over bhp.įuel consumption by farm operations is an important source of CO 2 emissions ( Fig. 31.5). Nevertheless published figures can be used to approximate what the fuel economy might be under varying operating conditions if the operator has a record of a typical daily operating cycle. BSFC curves shown at full-load conditions in OEM’s sales literature are not true indicators of fuel-tank mileage of fuel consumption over a one-hour period, because the engine spends only a portion of time operating on the full-load curve, while a significant amount of time is spent at various part-load conditions, therefore full-load BSFC curves are variable. Auto-mobile dealers typically list the fuel economy on the new car window option sticker in mpg or in liters per 100 km for both ‘city’ and ‘highway’ operation. BSFC can be found in engine manufacturer’s sales data literature and is usually shown in either lb bhp − 1 hr − 1 or g kW h − 1 (grams/kilowatt-hour). All current automobiles regularly have to meet a minimum mpg figure as mandated by the various regulatory bodies within the countries in which their vehicles are sold. Brady, in Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, 2013 Brake Specific Fuel ConsumptionīSFC or ‘brake specific fuel consumption’ is an indication of the quantity of fuel required to produce the rated engine brake – horsepower which also factors into the mpg (miles per gallon) of fuel that a given vehicle will use.

Brake specific fuel consumption